2.
   2021
/  
 
(  )
: 2     :100
:    -    ,        
             
1.         
2.     ,      
3.     ,      
4.       ?       
   
5.         
6.      ?          
?
7.       ?        
2.
8.   '  :
() -
() 
   2021
/  
 
(  )
: 2     :100
:    -    ,        
             
1.         
:-:   
1947       ,        
          
   
              ,
  ,  ,        
 ,       
        
 '      , -, -, -  ,
   ',         ,    
           
 
        |
1. - 
2.
  -     ,          
        ,       
 
   (INC)     (BJP)    
    
, , ,  ,        
    
 -      
    , - 
, -            

,     -       
2. -       
      ,        
"  "     ,       
-       ,    
,   -  
1967 ,     -   
1977 ,     ,        
  1990    ,      
  
       ,     , 
        
3.    
              
      
 -    ,  
    :
          
  
...       
  ,    ( )     
 '       
2.
    , ,        
      '        
4.  
-       ,    1989    
                 
 
  , -        
   :
   (1989)
   (1996-98)
 (  )
 (  )
        
     
     ,           
  
5.    
    ,             
 
      '   :
   '  
    '      
 ,    
        -      
    
6.    
             
      :
 
 
 
   ,    -   
            
 
2.
 '     ,        
 
7.  
           ,  
       ,    
:
    '  ,      
 ,      '   
         
         '   

           
8. -   
             
            
 
              
       
9.   
   ,           
'  ,      ,      , 
           
   
   
 
    
  ,         :
    
 
2.
    
    
-         
, -           
     

      -, , , ,   
  -     , -        ,
        
    ,   
    
  - , ,     
   ,            
         
2.     ,      
:🌍    ,      
-
   (),         ,  1980 
              
      ,        : 
,        ,      
               
 
🧾  
1.   ()
          ,  ..  
     
     '   ,     

  
              , 
,         
2.
2.   
     ,       , 
   -    
       ,      
          
3.    
  ,      '   
  ,         
    
👉 :     ,  - 
       
 
🧾  
1.  
 ,        ,    
    
         -   
     ,      

2.  
  '        '   
   ( ),   ( ),    (
   )     '   


3.  
  ,    '   
           
      
4.  
        ,      
 '   
     ,       
     '  
2.
🧾  
1.  ,  ,  
        
 
      '   ,     
     
2.  
    '        
 , -,      '   
3.   
      '      
           
4.   
       
  , -       
5.  
     
   
     
🧾 

  
   
   ,    '   
       
       
 
            
           
 
      ,      
2.

    ,        

         '   ,
     '  ,      
    
  '  
3.     ,      
:    ,      |
   ,           
          
         
        ,        
      -       
 ,        (ECI)     
    ""    ,   
     
 
        -  :
1.    
2.      
3.            |
1.      
     ,      324     
          
  ;   , 
      ,        
  
  , 1950  1989 ,       ,    
(CEC)    ,    ,      
  , 1989 ,         -  

2.
,      '   :
    (CEC)
  
      
     '   

              ' 
     
,           ,
  ',            
 

        65      ,    , 
           
 

                
  -          
  
 
            
          '     
       
 ,  ,     ,      

 
2.      
  "  "          
     
 
     :
 
  
   
2.
   
  -  
         ECI     
      
            ,     
:
  ( )
        
 
    
 
   ,    (  ),     
    
     
        :
 ()
 ()
 (AAP)
 :
         
 
      
         
  
       ,        ,   :
     
  
  
 
      
      ,  ECI     ,     
   
      
2.
   :
 
 
   
     :
         
     
          
  - 
         :
     /  
      
      
 ,             

3.      
       
          ,
        ,    
   
     
    '   ,   
     -        
  ,           
  
ECI   
 :
     
  
   
     
2.
           ,    
 
    
   , ECI        :
 
     
  '  
       
 ,               

                 
  
,    
 ;   
,   
     ;    
,        
4.       ?       
   
:-
               
,     ,         '
       
       

 ? 
     
             
   
  - , ,    -      
    ,     ,     ' 
 
  , ,       
 
  --  ,    
🧾   
2.
    
         
     
      ,     
       
,       '  
    
👉  :     "   "   
🧾       
              
   :
1.  
    '        
              
              
      '     


👉:       , -     '
  
2. 
     ,       
         '   
      ,     
        
👉:             
  
3. 
          
           ,  
        
           
 
👉:            
' - 
2.
4.  
  -     
, ,          

, ,         
            
👉:             
  
5.   
        
    ,      
     ,      
👉:            

6.    
            ,    
  
 
  ,  ,    '  
👉:            ,  
   
7.   
, ,           

 
,           
,    
 ,  ,         
 
👉: ,          

8.   
,   , ,  ,     
     
2.
              
👉:            

9.    
  ,          
 
           

👉:         
 
10.   
         '     ,  
   
   - , ,   ,   -   
  
👉:     
 ,      
   
🧾    
  :  ,      
   
   :     '   ,   
     '   
   :    -   ,  
-     
   :         ,  
     

             , ,
, , ,        ,   ,
-  -      ,     
 
2.
5.         
: 
    ,          
  :            , 
 ,       -      ,  
     
   ,  
  
       ,   -   -   
,       ,         
   ,   ,  , ,   
 
        
     ?–   ?
             
              ,
 ,               
           ,   
 ,
    ,          , 
     ,   ,      
    
 ,     ,         -
  
     
   
    ,       '  
    

,                
        
:
             
 
            
       
2.
 ,  ,           
 
      
       
          ,    
                
         :
      ?
         ?
" "        ?
 ,          
  
  ,     '   
     ,
              
 , 
 ,       (SC), 
 (ST),     (OBC)    
 
              - 
         
-  
            '   
           ,    
    , ,         
     
      
 ,         
 -     
 
     
2.
              
      
  ,       - , , ,    
,              
                
,   ,  
     ,      
 ,     -      
    
,     '  ,    
             
  
             

   ,       '   
   
             -
   
,  ,          
    :
-    
      
         
 ,               
   
,          
 ,   
,   '  
 ,       ,   
2.
             

      
        
     :
     ,    
       
     
 
           
        
 ,                 
        
      
,    
   :
       
 -      
        
         
    
   
        
 ,       ,      '  
    

        ,     
 ,  ,        
    ,      ,    
               
      ,          
2.
  ,             
             
   
      ,       
    
6.      ?          
?
:🌍   -      
-
             , 
,     ,         
      ,  ,     
  ,    
   
 -        
                 

               , 
                  
  
🧾  
            

 
             ,    
   
 ,   ,    ,   
          
👉  :       , "
     
,   ,         "
🧾           |
      
       
  :
2.
1.  
   ,        
 ,             
  
          ,   
      
👉    ,    
 
2.    
      ,       

 ,        ,    
     
       '       
     
3.  
         
  22   '       
          -  , 1953 
          
👉             

4.  
          
   ,          
  
 ,         '    
 
           '     
5.  
          
     ,        
,         
    ,        
  
2.
👉   
 ,       
6.    
         
 ,           
     
 , -       '   
     
7.    
 ,          
 , 1960            
    
            
8.    
  ,    -     
     
  ,         
      ,      
  
🧾     

    
  
        
      

     
        
            

              
,              
, , ,  ,       
   
2.
7.       ?        
:-  
   
  -          
   ,           - 

    ,    ,    ,    
     ,      
     
       , ,    
   
       ,         
     
 ,         
, -   
    , 
  '  
                 ()
'        
   ?
  ,      
     
         
     -       :
      
      
,       
     
, ,       
 
 ,             
    ( )
              '    :
   '   
    
   
     
2.
     
  ' ,      
    
         ,     
     
  - 
     
  
        
  ' 
     
    ,  ,
 ,           
           :
1.    
        
 
   7     
  , , , ,      

  ,          
   :
           
        '     

            
   
 ,              
  
 
2.  
             
   200           1947 
  :
2.
  ,          
          
     ( )   
                 ,
-  (NAM)          
    
3.    
          
      ,
 ,   ,        
 ,          
    :
  -   - '  
        
    
          '
  
  ,      '  
 ,         
4.  
   ,   
   , , , ,        :
 , ,       '   
  
 
           
  ,       
              
2.
5.     
     
  :
  
 
 
  
-          ,  :
  
    
      
            
 
6.    
    ,      
  ,           ,   
      
      :

  
  
  
   
 ,      
          
7.    
2.
     ,        
, ,  , , ,      
     
        
     

             
8.    
   ,     
 ,  ,  ,  -,   
      :
         
  
             

 ,       
,       
 

             
               , ,
  -          
    , , , ,  , 
,            
   ,   ,  ,     
        
2.
8.   '  :
() -
() 
:-
  1947   ,           
   -       -    
 ,     '      ,     
       ,  -   
  ,   ,           
      
        ,       
 
🧾() -

-        -    
         -       '
     
 
      
,       
   
        '    ,      
    
👉  : -    "
    
; 

  "
-  
1.    :         

2.   :           -
 
3.     :         

4.  :       '   
5.  :        
-  
2.
  :            
  
- :    '   ,     '

   :      ,   
  
 -:,      ' 
-  
    '    
         
           
1961      '   -  (NAM)   
   
👉-       : "
 , 
    ,
 
-     "
🧾() 

   " "
  -  -    ,      1954
   '  
  ,           
   
1.          
2.  -
3.        - 
4.    
5.  -
👉  :   , "    ,  ,   ,  
   ,    "
  
        
      
        
2.
            
  
          
   '        
     
 
   1962  -     ,   
        
🧾 

-


  
    

      
 
1954  - 

   
   -

   ,   
    
 

   (NAM)   
   
 

-      ,        
 
  -            ,
                ,
 ,        
 
"              
  
       ,       
 "